The climate dried up and turned cold for a thousand years in the Younger-Dryas period. Lush, spoiled C4 grasses like big bluestem died out and were replaced with tough, drought-resistant C3 grasses like side oats grama. Mammoths couldn’t digest these new grasses and collected in the few areas where these plants still survived. The last of the Clovis hunters hammered away at these nutrition-stressed animals until they were gone. Meanwhile, the new grasses spread from the Coast to Canada and attracted the next alpha grazers, the now extinct bison antiquus. A next-generation technology appeared around 12,900 years ago to hunt these large animals, it was the Folsom tradition. An atlatl (spear-thrower) launched a five foot dart tipped with the iconic Folsom point, found in most collections along the Bosque River. This three-inch point was knapped out of the finest flint available, it featured a center flute to thin the point and make it easier to resharpen in the field as the hunters followed the bison over long distances. Lithic analyst, people who study flint craftsmanship, have examined Folsoms and unfinished Folsoms and have concluded that the hardest part, the flute, was probably done by a specialist, probably in a ritual context. After about 400 years the Folsom hunters fragmented into dozens of regional adaptions, leading into the Archaic period, and the precise Folsom craftsmanship was lost.
This is a summary of part of a chapter in my manuscript that I’m rewriting in an effort to please the A&M Press. They want a timetable on when I might finish and I’m afraid to tell them that this one chapter took two weeks. Yuck.